Tivozanib in relapsed or refractory advanced renal cell carcinoma: a focus on US approval.

Tivozanib is a selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-inhibitor designed to, more specifically, bind to the VEGF receptor with fewer off-target interactions with other tyrosine kinase receptors in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Both preclinical and early clinical studies have suggested tivozanib could be a more potent VEGFR inhibitor with less off-target toxicities for patients. After a complicated clinical development process, the drug was approved by the FDA for third- and fourth-line use in relapsed, refractory renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in March of 2021 based on the results of the TIVO-3 trial. However, questions remain regarding the proper incorporation of tivozanib in the current treatment landscape of RCC. Here, we review the existing literature surrounding tivozanib and comment on its optimal use in current and future clinical practice. We suggest that tivozanib may be considered in relapsed, refractory RCC in the later-line treatment setting following progression on both immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and nonselective VEGFR-TKIs. We anticipate the application of tivozanib in RCC will continue to evolve as trials exploring tivozanib in combination with ICIs may move this drug earlier in the future treatment landscape of RCC.