The Relationship Between Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Analysis of Wave 1 Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Data.
Humans
Female
Male
Aged
Cross-Sectional Studies
Scotland
/ epidemiology
Depressive Disorder
/ epidemiology
Cognitive Dysfunction
/ epidemiology
Anxiety Disorders
/ epidemiology
Cognition
/ physiology
Neuropsychological Tests
Depression
/ epidemiology
Aged, 80 and over
Anxiety
/ epidemiology
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Regression Analysis
Cohort Studies
Reaction Time
anxiety
cognition
cross‐sectional
depression
older adults
Journal
International journal of geriatric psychiatry
ISSN: 1099-1166
Titre abrégé: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8710629
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2024
Sep 2024
Historique:
revised:
23
08
2024
received:
11
06
2024
accepted:
04
09
2024
medline:
22
9
2024
pubmed:
22
9
2024
entrez:
19
9
2024
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To explore the strength of the association between cognitive functioning and depression and anxiety in older people without dementia. An exploratory, cross-sectional analysis of Wave 1 (2004-2007) data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 dataset. Three subgroups were based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) subscales: no probable anxiety or depression (N = 592), probable anxiety no depression (N = 122), probable depression with/without anxiety (depression) (N = 30). Regression analyses determined relationships between subgroups and identified cognitive test variables. Participants were 744 individuals (male = 385 [51.5%]; mean [M] age = 69.5 years [Standard deviation = 0.83]); characteristics for subgroups were similar. Participants with probable depression had slower simple reaction time scores than those with no anxiety or depression (regression slope [β] on the log10 scale = 0.05, 95% Confidence Interval [0.03, 0.08], p ≤ 0.001). Those with probable anxiety had significantly worse scores on other tests: Spatial span (β = -0.80 [-1.36, -0.25], p ≤ 0.005), Symbol Search (β = -1.67 [-2.90, -0.45], p ≤ 0.01), Matrix Reasoning (β = -1.58 [-2.55, -0.60], p ≤ 0.005) and Block Design (β = -3.33 [-5.29, -1.37], p ≤ 0.001), than those without probable anxiety or depression. Probable depression and anxiety were found to be associated with lower cognitive function in those without evidence of dementia. People with probable anxiety showed poorer performance in tests that concerned making decisions. People with probable depression showed slower processing speed.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e6151Subventions
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Economic and Social Research Council
ID : BB/W008793/1
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G0701120
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G1001245
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/M01311/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/R024065/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : R01AG054628
Pays : United States
Organisme : Dementias Platform UK
ID : MR/L015382/1
Organisme : Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society
ID : 221890/Z/20/Z
Organisme : The University of Edinburgh
Organisme : NHS Research Scotland
Organisme : Age UK (The Disconnected Mind)
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Office for National Statistics (ONS), Living Longer: How Our Population Is Changing and Why It Matters (2018), https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/articles/livinglongerhowourpopulationischangingandwhyitmatters/2018‐08‐13.
Office for National Statistics (ONS), Profile of the Older Population Living in England and Wales in 2021 and Changes since 2011 (2021), https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/articles/profileoftheolderpopulationlivinginenglandandwalesin2021andchangessince2011/2023‐04‐03#:~:text=2.‐,Population%20ageing,from%2016.4%25%20to%2018.6%25.
M. J. Prince, F. Wu, Y. Guo, et al., “The Burden of Disease in Older People and Implications for Health Policy and Practice,” Lancet 385, no. 9967 (2015): 549–562, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(14)61347‐7.
N. Aujla, H. Frost, B. Guthrie, et al., “A Comparative Overview of Health and Social Care Policy for Older People in England and Scotland, United Kingdom (UK),” Health Policy 132 (2023): 104814, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104814.
Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2030: Older Adults (2020), https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives‐and‐/browse‐objectives/older‐adults.
S. L. Lock, M. Baumgart, C. G. Whiting, et al., Healthy Aging: Promoting Well‐Being in Older Adults (Atlanta, GA: Center For Disease Control And Prevention, 2017).
W. J. Strawbridge, M. I. Wallhagen, and R. D. Cohen, “Successful Aging and Well‐Being: Self‐Rated Compared With Rowe and Kahn,” Gerontologist 42, no. 6 (2002): 727–733, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.6.727.
A. R. Zammit, J. M. Starr, W. Johnson, and I. J. Deary, “Patterns and Associates of Cognitive Function, Psychosocial Wellbeing and Health in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” BMC Geriatrics 14 (2014): 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2318‐14‐53.
M. W. Eysenck and M. Brysbaert, Fundamentals of Cognition (Milton Park: Routledge, 2018).
C. Rowe and S. D. Healy, “Measuring Variation in Cognition,” Behavioral Ecology 25, no. 6 (2014): 1287–1292, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru090.
J. M. Royer, C. A. Cisero, and M. S. Carlo, “Techniques and Procedures for Assessing Cognitive Skills,” Review of Educational Research 63, no. 2 (1993): 201–243, https://doi.org/10.2307/1170473.
J. Wesson, L. Clemson, H. Brodaty, and S. Reppermund, “Estimating Functional Cognition in Older Adults Using Observational Assessments of Task Performance in Complex Everyday Activities: A Systematic Review and Evaluation of Measurement Properties,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 68 (2016): 335–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.024.
H. Christensen, A. J. Mackinnon, A. Korten, and A. F. Jorm, “The ‘Common Cause Hypothesis’ of Cognitive Aging: Evidence for Not Only a Common Factor but Also Specific Associations of Age With Vision and Grip Strength in a Cross‐Sectional Analysis,” Psychology and Aging 16, no. 4 (2001): 588–599, https://doi.org/10.1037/0882‐7974.16.4.588.
I. J. Deary, J. Corley, A. J. Gow, et al., “Age‐Associated Cognitive Decline,” British Medical Bulletin 92, no. 1 (2009): 135–152, https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldp033.
N. Z. Farhane‐Medina, B. Luque, C. Tabernero, and R. Castillo‐Mayén, “Factors Associated With Gender and Sex Differences in Anxiety Prevalence and Comorbidity: A Systematic Review,” Science Progress 105, no. 4 (2022): 00368504221135469, https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504221135469.
A. Labaka, O. Goñi‐Balentziaga, A. Lebeña, and J. Pérez‐Tejada, “Biological Sex Differences in Depression: A Systematic Review,” Biological Research For Nursing 20, no. 4 (2018): 383–392, https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800418776082.
M. Lövdén, L. Fratiglioni, M. M. Glymour, U. Lindenberger, and E. M. Tucker‐Drob, “Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 21, no. 1 (2020): 6–41, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576.
M. Silva, A. Loureiro, and G. Cardoso, “Social Determinants of Mental Health: A Review of the Evidence,” European Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (2016): 259–292.
K. C. Koenen, T. E. Moffitt, A. L. Roberts, et al., “Childhood IQ and Adult Mental Disorders: A Test of the Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis,” American Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 1 (2009): 50–57, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030343.
M. C. Quattropani, A. Sardella, F. Morgante, et al., “Impact of Cognitive Reserve and Premorbid IQ on Cognitive and Functional Status in Older Outpatients,” Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 824, https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070824.
E. Bierman, H. Comijs, C. Jonker, and A. Beekman, “Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in the Course of Cognitive Decline,” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 24, no. 3 (2007): 213–219, https://doi.org/10.1159/000107083.
D. Bunce, M. Tzur, A. Ramchurn, F. Gain, and F. W. Bond, “Mental Health and Cognitive Function in Adults Aged 18 to 92 Years,” Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 63, no. 2 (2008): P67–P74, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.2.p67.
A. E. Castaneda, J. Suvisaari, M. Marttunen, et al., “Cognitive Functioning in a Population‐Based Sample of Young Adults With Anxiety Disorders,” European Psychiatry 26, no. 6 (2011): 346–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.006.
Å. Hammar and G. Årdal, “Cognitive Functioning in Major Depression‐A Summary,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3 (2009): 728, https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.026.2009.
S. Andreas, H. Schulz, J. Volkert, et al., “Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Elderly People: The European MentDis_ICF65+ Study,” British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 2 (2017): 125–131, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180463.
K. Reynolds, R. H. Pietrzak, R. El‐Gabalawy, C. S. Mackenzie, and J. Sareen, “Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in US Older Adults: Findings From a Nationally Representative Survey,” World Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2015): 74–81, https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20193.
J. Volkert, H. Schulz, M. Härter, O. Wlodarczyk, and S. Andreas, “The Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Older People in Western Countries–A Meta‐Analysis,” Ageing Research Reviews 12, no. 1 (2013): 339–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.004.
C. R. Gale, A. A. Sayer, C. Cooper, et al., “Factors Associated With Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Five Cohorts of Community‐Based Older People: The HALCyon (Healthy Ageing Across the Life Course) Programme,” Psychological Medicine 41, no. 10 (2011): 2057–2073, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000195.
E. J. Laukka, D. Dykiert, M. Allerhand, J. Starr, and I. Deary, “Effects of Between‐Person Differences and Within‐Person Changes in Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression on Older Age Cognitive Performance,” Psychological Medicine 48, no. 8 (2018): 1350–1358, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002896.
A. John, U. Patel, J. Rusted, M. Richards, and D. Gaysina, “Affective Problems and Decline in Cognitive State in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis,” Psychological Medicine 49, no. 3 (2019): 353–365, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001137.
J. P. Vandenbroucke, E. v. Elm, D. G. Altman, et al., “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration,” Annals of Internal Medicine 147, no. 8 (2007): W‐163–W‐194, https://doi.org/10.7326/0003‐4819‐147‐8‐200710160‐00010‐w1.
I. J. Deary, A. J. Gow, M. D. Taylor, et al., “The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: A Study to Examine Influences on Cognitive Ageing From Age 11 to Age 70 and beyond,” BMC Geriatrics 7 (2007): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2318‐7‐28.
I. J. Deary, A. J. Gow, A. Pattie, and J. M. Starr, “Cohort Profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936,” International Journal of Epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1576–1584, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr197.
A. M. Taylor, A. Pattie, and I. J. Deary, “Cohort Profile Update: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936,” International Journal of Epidemiology 47, no. 4 (2018): 1042–1042r, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy022.
D. S. Mullin, L. E. Stirland, E. Buchanan, et al., “Identifying Dementia Using Medical Data Linkage in a Longitudinal Cohort Study: Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” BMC Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (2023): 303, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888‐023‐04797‐7.
I. Bjelland, A. A. Dahl, T. T. Haug, and D. Neckelmann, “The Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An Updated Literature Review,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52, no. 2 (2002): 69–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022‐3999(01)00296‐3.
A. S. Zigmond and R. P. Snaith, “The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67, no. 6 (1983): 361–370, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600‐0447.1983.tb09716.x.
C. Herrmann, “International Experiences With the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale‐A Review of Validation Data and Clinical Results,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 42, no. 1 (1997): 17–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022‐3999(96)00216‐4.
C. Herrmann, S. Brand‐Driehorst, B. Kaminsky, E. Leibing, H. Staats, and U. Ruger, “Diagnostic Groups and Depressed Mood as Predictors of 22‐Month Mortality in Medical Inpatients,” Psychosomatic Medicine 60, no. 5 (1998): 570–577, https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842‐199809000‐00011.
StataCorp, Stata Statistical Software: Release 18 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC, 2023).
IBM Corp, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows: Version 29.0. Google Search (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2022).
T. Gordi and H. Khamis, “Simple Solution to a Common Statistical Problem: Interpreting Multiple Tests,” Clinical Therapeutics 26, no. 5 (2004): 780–786, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149‐2918(04)90078‐1.
P. Ranganathan, C. Pramesh, and M. Buyse, “Common Pitfalls in Statistical Analysis: The Perils of Multiple Testing,” Perspectives in Clinical Research 7, no. 2 (2016): 106–107, https://doi.org/10.4103/2229‐3485.179436.
J. Corley, S. R. Cox, and I. J. Deary, “Healthy Cognitive Ageing in the Lothian Birth Cohort Studies: Marginal Gains Not Magic Bullet,” Psychological Medicine 48, no. 2 (2018): 187–207, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717001489.
G. Livingston, J. Huntley, A. Sommerlad, et al., “Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission,” Lancet 396, no. 10248 (2020): 413–446, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(20)30367‐6.
A. Singh‐Manoux, A. Dugravot, A. Fournier, et al., “Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Before Diagnosis of Dementia: A 28‐Year Follow‐Up Study,” JAMA Psychiatry 74, no. 7 (2017): 712–718, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0660.
W. M. Grove and N. C. Andreasen, “Simultaneous Tests of Many Hypotheses in Exploratory Research,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170, no. 1 (1982): 3–8, https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053‐198201000‐00002.
M. Breit, V. Scherrer, E. M. Tucker‐Drob, and F. Preckel, “The Stability of Cognitive Abilities: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Longitudinal Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 150, no. 4 (2024): 399–439, https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000425.
I. J. Deary, “The Stability of Intelligence From Childhood to Old Age,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 23, no. 4 (2014): 239–245, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414536905.
I. J. Deary, A. Pattie, and J. M. Starr, “The Stability of Intelligence From Age 11 to Age 90 Years: The Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921,” Psychological Science 24, no. 12 (2013): 2361–2368, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613486487.
D. C. Park, “Cognitive Ability in Old Age Is Predetermined by Age 20 Y,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (2019): 1832–1833, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821142116.
M. Afifi, “Gender Differences in Mental Health,” Singapore Medical Journal 48, no. 5 (2007): 385.
C. P. McLean, A. Asnaani, B. T. Litz, and S. G. Hofmann, “Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence, Course of Illness, Comorbidity and Burden of Illness,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 45, no. 8 (2011): 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006.
K. H. Abate, “Gender Disparity in Prevalence of Depression Among Patient Population: A Systematic Review,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 23, no. 3 (2013): 283–288, https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v23i3.11.
W. Maier, M. Gänsicke, R. Gater, M. Rezaki, B. Tiemens, and R. F. Urzúa, “Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Depression: A Survey in Primary Care,” Journal of Affective Disorders 53, no. 3 (1999): 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165‐0327(98)00131‐1.
G. Baranyi, F. Conte, I. J. Deary, et al., “Neighbourhood Deprivation Across Eight Decades and Late‐Life Cognitive Function in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: A Life‐Course Study,” Age and Ageing 52, no. 4 (2023): afad056, https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad056.
U. Clancy, R. Radakovic, F. Doubal, et al., “Are Neuropsychiatric Symptoms a Marker of Small Vessel Disease Progression in Older Adults? Evidence From the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 38, no. 1 (2023): e5855, https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5855.
J. Corley, F. Conte, S. E. Harris, et al., “Predictors of Longitudinal Cognitive Ageing From Age 70 to 82 Including APOE e4 Status, Early‐Life and Lifestyle Factors: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” Molecular Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (2023): 1256–1271, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380‐022‐01900‐4.
L. M. Houlihan, S. E. Harris, M. Luciano, et al., “Replication Study of Candidate Genes for Cognitive Abilities: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” Genes, Brain and Behavior 8, no. 2 (2009): 238–247, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601‐183x.2008.00470.x.
M. H. Iveson, A. Taylor, S. E. Harris, I. J. Deary, and A. M. McIntosh, “Apolipoprotein E e4 Allele Status and Later‐Life Depression in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936,” Psychological Medicine 52, no. 16 (2022): 3816–3824, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721000623.
W. Johnson, J. Corley, J. M. Starr, and I. J. Deary, “Psychological and Physical Health at Age 70 in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: Links With Early Life IQ, SES, and Current Cognitive Function and Neighborhood Environment,” Health Psychology 30, no. 1 (2011): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021834.
D. Page, C. R. Buchanan, J. E. Moodie, et al., “Examining the Neurostructural Architecture of Intelligence: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Study,” Cortex 178 (2024): 269–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.007.
D. Wechsler, WMS‐III UK Administration and Scoring Manual (London, UK: Psychological Corporation, 1998).
D. Wechsler, WAIS‐III: Administration and Scoring Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (London, UK: Psychological Corporation, 1997).
Wellcome Collection, Scottish Mental Survey of 1947: c.1947‐1975. Reference: SA/PIC/F/8. Part of: Population Investigation Committee, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/w4vj3by2.
University of Edinburgh, Lothian Birth Cohorts: The Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 (2023), https://lothian‐birth‐cohorts.ed.ac.uk/history/the‐scottish‐mental‐survey‐1947.