Distribution and prevalence of refractive error in Iranian adult population results of the PERSIAN eye cohort study PECS.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
24 06 2024
24 06 2024
Historique:
received:
24
12
2023
accepted:
19
06
2024
medline:
25
6
2024
pubmed:
25
6
2024
entrez:
24
6
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The Persian Eye Cohort Study, a population-based cross-sectional study from 2015 to 2020, examined refractive error prevalence among 48,618 Iranian adults aged 31 to 70. The study encompassed six centers in Iran, employing random cluster sampling for demographic, medical, and socioeconomic data collection through interviews. Ophthalmic exams included visual acuity, automated and manual objective refraction, subjective refraction, slit lamp, and fundus examinations. Using the spherical equivalent definition, the sample population was categorized into groups. Results indicated a mean age of 49.52 ± 9.31 and a mean refractive error of 0.26 diopters (D) ± 1.6 SD (95% CI - 0.27 to -0.24), ranging from -26.1 to + 18.5 SD. Prevalence of myopia (< -0.5D) and hyperopia (> + 0.5D) was 22.6% (95% CI 22.2-23%) and 12.5% (95% CI 12.1-12.8%), respectively. Regarding different age groups, the prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism exhibited a steady and significant rise with increasing age (p-value < 0.001 for both). The prevalence of Myopia, however, showed a distinctive pattern, initially increasing in adults under 45, declining in those aged 55-64, and rising again among individuals aged 60 and older. Female gender, older age, urban residency, higher education, higher income, and Fars ethnicity were significantly related to a higher prevalence of myopia (p-value < 0.001 for all). Female gender (p-value < 0.001), aging (p-value < 0.001), urban residency (p-value = 0.029), and lower-income (p-value = 0.005) were significantly related to higher prevalence of hyperopia. Astigmatism (> 1D) was prevalent in 25.5% of participants (95% CI 25.1-25.9%) and correlated with male gender, aging, urban residency, illiteracy, and higher income (p-value < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.014, respectively). The study's comparison with regional and international surveys highlighted the increase in myopia among those over 65 due to higher nuclear cataract rates in older adults. Myopia positively related to education, income, and urban residency, while hyperopia did not exhibit such associations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38914645
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65328-2
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-65328-2
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
14515Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Pizzarello, L., et al. VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness. (0003–9950 (Print)).
Collaborators, GBD, & Study, V. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. 2021;9.
Blindness and vision impairment: WHO; 2022 [updated 13 October 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment .
Holden, B. The impact of myopia and high myopia University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2016 [updated 16–18 March2015. Available from: https://myopiainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Myopia_report_020517.pdf .
Frick, K.D., & Foster, A. The magnitude and cost of global blindness: an increasing problem that can be alleviated. (0002–9394 (Print)).
Khoshhal, F., et al. The prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (1573–2630 (Electronic)).
McCormick, I.A.O., Mactaggart, I.A.O., Bastawrous, A.A.O.X., Burton, M.A.O., & Ramke, J.A.O. Effective refractive error coverage: an eye health indicator to measure progress towards universal health coverage. (1475–1313 (Electronic)).
World Health O. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness: action plan 2006–2011 (World Health Organization, 2007).
Hyman, L. Myopic and hyperopic refractive error in adults: An overview. (0928–6586 (Print)).
Cheng, C.Y. et al. Refractive errors in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Bourne, R.R.A. et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2214–109X (Electronic)).
Bastawrous, A., & Suni, A.V. Thirty Year Projected Magnitude (to 2050) of Near and Distance Vision Impairment and the Economic Impact if Existing Solutions are Implemented Globally. (1744–5086 (Electronic)).
Wong, T.Y. et al. The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. (0007–1161 (Print)).
Raju, P. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in a rural South Indian population. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Karthikeyan, S.K., Ashwini, D.L., Priyanka, M., Nayak, A., & Biswas, S. Physical activity, time spent outdoors, and near work in relation to myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (1998–3689 (Electronic)).
Biswas, S. et al. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 43(1), 7 (2024).
doi: 10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7
pubmed: 38297353
pmcid: 10829372
Hosseini, L.J. et al. Household Overcrowding in Iran, a Low-middle-income Country: How Major of a Public Health Concern Is It? (2233–4521 (Electronic)).
Hashemi, H. et al. The Tehran Eye Study: research design and eye examination protocol. (1471–2415 (Electronic)).
Hashemi, H. et al. Increased hyperopia with ageing based on cycloplegic refractions in adults: the Tehran Eye Study. (1468–2079 (Electronic)).
Hashemi, H. et al. The age- and gender-specific prevalences of refractive errors in Tehran: the Tehran Eye Study. (0928–6586 (Print)).
Fotouhi, A. et al. Cohort profile: Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. (1464–3685 (Electronic)).
Ostadimoghaddam, H. et al. Prevalence of the refractive errors by age and gender: The Mashhad eye study of Iran. Clin. Exper. Ophthalmol. 39(8), 743–751 (2011).
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02584.x
Ziaei, H. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors; the yazd eye study. (2008–2010 (Print)).
Shahriari, H.A. et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province, Iran: Zahedan Eye Study. (0007–1161 (Print)).
Alipour, F. PERSIAN Eye Cohort Study (PECS): Design, Methodology 2022 [Available from: https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1935094/v1/6228520b-bb02-4874-b695-119e54738ce8.pdf?c=1680541996 .
Poustchi, H. et al. Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (the PERSIAN Cohort Study): Rationale, Objectives, and Design. (1476–6256 (Electronic)).
Persian Cohort Study [Available from: https://cohort.skums.ac.ir/DorsaPax/userfiles/Sub56/PERSIAN-Cohort-Data-Dictionary.pdf .
Kazemi Karyani, A. et al. Socioeconomic gradient in physical activity: Findings from the PERSIAN cohort study. BMC Public Health. 19(1), 1312 (2019).
doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7715-z
pubmed: 31638932
pmcid: 6802340
Hashemi, H. et al. Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and its risk factors; Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES). Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 29(2), 216–222 (2022).
doi: 10.1080/09286586.2021.1919311
pubmed: 33913793
Hashemi, H. et al. Astigmatism profile in the elderly population: Tehran Geriatric Eye Study. Japanese J. Ophthalmol. 66(5), 461–473 (2022).
doi: 10.1007/s10384-022-00936-x
Hashemi, H., Fotouhi, A. & Mohammad, K. The age- and gender-specific prevalences of refractive errors in Tehran: The Tehran eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 11(3), 213–225 (2004).
doi: 10.1080/09286580490514513
pubmed: 15370553
Iribarren, R. et al. Hyperopia and lens power in an adult population: The Shahroud eye study. (2008–2010 (Print)).
Hashemi, H., Khabazkhoob, M., Iribarren, R., Emamian, M. H. & Fotouhi, A. Five-year change in refraction and its ocular components in the 40- to 64-year-old population of the Shahroud eye cohort study. Clin. Exper. Ophthalmol. 44(8), 669–677 (2016).
doi: 10.1111/ceo.12753
Saw, S.M. et al. Epidemiology of myopia. (0193–936X (Print)).
Sawada, A. et al. Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. (1549–4713 (Electronic)).
Shah, S.P. et al. Refractive errors in the adult pakistani population: the national blindness and visual impairment survey. (1744–5086 (Electronic)).
Wong, T.Y. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Saw, S.M. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. (1549–4713 (Electronic)).
Gupta, A. et al. Prevalence of refractive error in rural Myanmar: The Meiktila Eye Study. (1549–4713 (Electronic)).
Xu, L. et al. Refractive error in urban and rural adult Chinese in Beijing. (1549–4713 (Electronic)).
Bourne, R.R. et al. Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh. (0161–6420 (Print)).
Saw, S.M. et al. Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Wu, S.Y. et al. Refractive errors in a black adult population: the Barbados Eye Study. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Katz, J. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population. (0146–0404 (Print)).
2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects 2018 [Available from: https://www.un.org/en/desa/2018-revision-world-urbanization-prospects#:~:text=Today%2C%2055%25%20of%20the%20world’s,increase%20to%2068%25%20by%202050 .
Asghar Pilehvar, A. Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran. Hum. Soc. Sci. Commun. 8(1), 1–12 (2021).
Dineen, B. et al. The Nigerian national blindness and visual impairment survey: Rationale, objectives and detailed methodology. (1471–2415 (Electronic)).
Wang, Q. et al. Refractive status in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Wensor, M. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in Victoria, Australia. (0003–9950 (Print)).
Slataper, F.J. Age norms of refraction and vision. Arch. Ophthalmol. 43(3), 466–81. (1950)
Bengtsson, B., & Grødum, K. Refractive changes in the elderly. (1395–3907 (Print)).
Shufelt, C. et al. Refractive error, ocular biometry, and lens opalescence in an adult population: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Sperduto, R.D. Prevalence of myopia in the United States. (0003–9950 (Print)).
Hyams, S.W. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in adults over 40: A survey of 8102 eyes. (0007–1161 (Print)).
Dandona, R. et al. Population-based assessment of refractive error in India: The Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. (1442–6404 (Print)).
Krishnaiah, S. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: The Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. (1177–5467 (Print)).
Attebo, K. et al. Refractive errors in an older population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. (0161–6420 (Print)).
Saw, S. M. et al. Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43(10), 3174–3180 (2002).
pubmed: 12356821
Hashemi, H., Hatef, E., Fotouhi, A. & Mohammad, K. Astigmatism and its determinants in the Tehran population: The Tehran eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 12(6), 373–381 (2005).
doi: 10.1080/09286580500281214
pubmed: 16283989
Prema, R. et al. Comparison of refractive errors and factors associated with spectacle use in a rural and urban South Indian population. (0301–4738 (Print)).
Fotouhi, A. et al. The prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran. (0007–1161 (Print)).
Hashemi, H. et al. High prevalence of Myopia in an adult population, Shahroud Iran. Optometry Vis. Sci. 89(7), 993–999 (2012).
doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31825e6554
Hashemi, H. et al. High prevalence of astigmatism in the 40- to 64-year-old population of Shahroud, Iran. (1442–9071 (Electronic)).
Tarczy-Hornoch, K. et al. Myopic refractive error in adult Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. (0146–0404 (Print)).
Christian, W. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in the European adult population: The Gutenberg health study (GHS). British J. Ophthalmol. 98(7), 857 (2014).
doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304228
Antón, A. et al. Epidemiology of refractive errors in an adult European population: The Segovia study. (1744–5086 (Electronic)).