A Critical Appraisal of Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease.

Biomarkers that predict the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) enable the identification of individuals in the early, preclinical stages of the disease. Detecting AD at this point may allow for more effective therapeutic interventions and optimized enrollment for clinical trials of novel drugs. The current biological diagnosis of AD is based on the AT(N) classification system with the measurement of brain deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) ("A"), tau pathology ("T"), and neurodegeneration ("N"). Diagnostic cut-offs for Aβ

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Declaration of Competing Interest MM is a named inventor on patents related to blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease owned by the University of Rochester and Georgetown University. EE is the unique owner of 2E Science, a for-profit private scientific company. Neither EE nor 2E Science have any commercial interest or financial tie in relation with this article. MMM has served on scientific advisory boards and/or has consulted for Biogen, Eisai, LabCorp, Lilly, Merck, Roche, and Siemens Healthineers; received speaking honorariums from Novo Nordisk, PeerView Institute, and Roche. BPI is an employee at Chiesi Farmaceutici. He is listed among the inventors of a number of Chiesi Farmaceutici’s patents of anti-Alzheimer drugs. SL, FC, SL-O, JM-H, VT, CI, AG, JM, RN, and AS-L declare that they have no conflict of interest.