Bromate concentrations and pH values in bottled drinking water in Kuwait.
Desalination
Middle East
Water contamination
Water safety
Journal
Environmental monitoring and assessment
ISSN: 1573-2959
Titre abrégé: Environ Monit Assess
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 8508350
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 Feb 2022
04 Feb 2022
Historique:
received:
21
09
2021
accepted:
15
01
2022
entrez:
4
2
2022
pubmed:
5
2
2022
medline:
9
2
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The study objectives were to assess bromate concentrations in bottled drinking water sold at retail in Kuwait and assess pH values relationship to bromate concentrations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 where 120 bottled water samples were collected from supermarkets across six governorates in Kuwait. Samples represented local brands that used distilled or mineral water as well as imported brands that used mineral water only. The samples were analyzed for bromate concentrations and pH values. The overall mean bromate concentration was 4.02 µg/L (95% CI: 3.35-4.69) with concentration of 4.45 µg/L in locally distilled water significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in imported mineral water samples (i.e., 1.34 µg/L). The overall bromate percent positive was 41.7% (n = 120) with 35.8% in locally distilled samples, significantly higher than that in imported mineral samples (5.8%). None of the local mineral bottled water samples had detectable bromate. Bromate concentrations in our samples were within the international allowable limits of less than 10 µg bromate/L (except for one local distilled sample that contained 14.9 µg bromate/L). The mean pH value was 7.39 (95% CI: 7.33-7.45). There was no significant relationship between pH values and bromate concentrations in our samples. Our findings proved that local and imported bottled water sold at retail in Kuwait was bromate safe.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35119563
doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-09783-2
pii: 10.1007/s10661-022-09783-2
doi:
Substances chimiques
Bromates
0
Drinking Water
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
144Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Al-Mudhaf, H., Al-Hayan, M., Selim, M., & Abu-Shady, A. (2011). Mineral content of bottled and desalinated household drinking water in Kuwait clean – soil, air, water 39:1068–1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100257
Aljoun. (2014). Kuwait municipality draw a bottled water from markets due to high bromate levels. aljone News. http://aljone.com/News-3090.html . Accessed 5 January 2019.
Aljundi, I. (2011). Bromate formation during ozonation of drinking water: A response surface methodology study. Desalination, 277, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.090
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.090
Alomirah, H., Al-Zenki, S., Alaswad, M., Alruwaih, N., Wu, Q., & Kannan, K. (2019). Elevated concentrations of bromate in drinking water and groundwater from Kuwait and associated exposure and health risks. Environmental Research, 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108885
Alsohaimi, I., Alothman, Z., Khan, M., Abdalla, M., Busquets, R., & Alomary, A. (2012). Determination of bromate in drinking water by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science, 00, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201200312
Alsulaili, A., Al-Harbi, M., & Al-Tawari, K. (2015). Physical and chemical characteristics of drinking water quality in Kuwait: Tap vs. bottled water. Journal of Engineering Research, 3, 25–50.
Doria, M. (2006). Bottled water versus tap water: Understanding consumers’ preferences. Journal of Water and Health, 4, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.008
doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.008
Espino, M., & Cimatu, K. (2003). Bromate Levels in Metro Manila Drinking Water KIMIKA, 19, 35–39.
Guardian. (2004). Things get worse with coke. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/mar/20/medicineandhealth.lifeandhealth . Accessed 5 January 2019.
Haag, W., & Holgen, J. (1983). Ozonation of bromide-containing waters: Kinetics of formation of hypobromous acid and bromate. Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00111a004
doi: 10.1021/es00111a004
Haiderkadhim, F. (2017). Determine of Potassium Bromate Concentration in Selected Bottles of Sterile Drinking Water IJEMS, 8, 151–153.
Hamoda, M. (2001). Desalination and Water Resource Management in Kuwait Desalination, 138, 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00259-4
doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00259-4
Helfand, D. (2007). L.A. must empty two reservoirs. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-dec-15-me-water15-story.html . Accessed 15 June 2021.
IARC. (1999). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans vol 73. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Kannan, P. (2012). Two More Water Brands Recalled. The National News UAE. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/environment/two-more-water-brands-recalled-1.384089 . Accessed 5 January 2020.
Khan, N., & Chohan, A. (2010). Accuracy of bottled drinking water label content Environ Monit Assess:169–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0993-7
Kumar, A., Rout, S., & Singhal, R. (2011). Health risk assessment for bromate (BrO3–) traces in ozonated Indian bottled water. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 571–580.
Musa, M., Ahmed, B., & Atakruni, I. (2010). Determination of bromate at trace level in Sudanese bottled drinking water using ion chromatography. E-Journal of Chemistry, 7, S283-S293. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/895306
Othman, A., Al-Ansi, S., & Al-Tufa, M. (2010). Determination of Bromate in Bottled Drinking Water from Saudi Arabian Markets by HPLC/ICPMS Analytical Letters, 43, 886–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032710903486377
doi: 10.1080/00032710903486377
Radwan, E. K., Barakat, M. H., & Ibrahim, M. B. M. (2021). Hazardous inorganic disinfection by-products in Egypt’s tap drinking water: Occurrence and human health risks assessment studies. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149069
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149069
Sharif, H. (2014). Formation of bromate in pet bottle water. American University of Sharjah.
Siddiqui, M., Amy, G., & Rice, R. (1995). Bromate ion formation: A critical review. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 87, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06435.x
doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06435.x
USEPA. (2001). Toxicological review of bromate vol EPA/635/R-01/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
USEPA. (2002). Determination of inorganic oxyhalide disinfection by-products in drinking water using ion chromatography incorporating the addition of a suppressor acidified postcolumn reagent for trace bromate analysis. U. S. Environmental protection agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2014). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. International Journal of Surgery, 12, 1495–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013
WHO. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Ed., p. 564, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950 Accessed on 23 November 2020.