High Level of HIV Drug Resistance and Virologic Nonsuppression Among Female Sex Workers in Ethiopia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.
Journal
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
ISSN: 1944-7884
Titre abrégé: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 100892005
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
15 04 2022
15 04 2022
Historique:
received:
19
08
2021
accepted:
20
12
2021
pubmed:
31
12
2021
medline:
3
5
2022
entrez:
30
12
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To determine viral load (VL) nonsuppression (VLN) rates, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) prevalence, and associated factors among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional biobehavioral survey was conducted among FSWs in 11 cities in Ethiopia in 2014. Whole blood was collected, and HIVDR genotyping was performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with VLN and HIVDR. Among 4900 participants, 1172 (23.9%) were HIV-positive and 1154 (98.5%) had a VL result. Participants were categorized into antiretroviral therapy (ART) (n = 239) and ART-naive (n = 915) groups based on self-report. From the 521 specimens (ART, 59; ART-naive, 462) with VL ≥1000 copies/mL, genotyping was successful for 420 (80.6%) and 92 (21.9%) had drug resistance mutations (DRMs). Pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) was detected in 16.5% (63/381) of the ART-naive participants. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-NRTIs (NNRTIs), and dual-class DRMs were detected in 40 (10.5%), 55 (14.4%), and 35 (9.2%) of the participants, respectively. Among 239 participants on ART, 59 (24.7%) had VLN. Genotyping was successfully performed for 39 (66.1%). DRMs were detected in 29 (74.4%). All 29 had NNRTI, 23 (79.3%) had NRTI or dual-class DRMs. VLN was associated with age 35 years or older, CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/mm3, and being forced into selling sex. PDR and acquired drug resistance were associated with CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 (P < 0.001). The high VLN and HIVDR rates among FSWs underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve ART access and virologic monitoring to maximize the benefit of ART and limit the spread of HIV and HIVDR.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34966147
doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002908
pii: 00126334-202204150-00012
pmc: PMC9058170
mid: NIHMS1766794
doi:
Substances chimiques
Anti-HIV Agents
0
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
566-574Subventions
Organisme : World Health Organization
ID : 001
Pays : International
Organisme : CGH CDC HHS
ID : U2G GH001178
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Références
Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:538–549.
Shannon K, Crago AL, Baral SD, et al. The global response and unmet actions for HIV and sex workers. Lancet. 2018;392:698–710.
Doshi RH, Sande E, Ogwal M, et al. Progress toward UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets: a respondent-driven survey among female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0201352.
Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Driscoll T, et al. HIV due to female sex work: regional and global estimates. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63476.
Aklilu M, Messele T, Tsegaye A, et al. Factors associated with HIV-1 infection among sex workers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIDS. 2001;15:87–96.
Mehret MKL, Shanko B, Belete F. Sexual behaviours and some social features off female sex workers in the city of Addis Ababa. Ethiopian J Health Develop. 1990;4:133–13.
Mehret MKL, Zewdie D, Ayehunie S, et al. HIV-1 infection and some related risk factors among female sex workers in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian J Health Develop. 1990;4: 171 –176.
Mehret MKL, Zewdie D, et al. HIV-1 infection and related risk factors among female sex workers in urban areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian J Health Develop. 1990;4(2, Suppl):163–170.
EPHI. Ethiopian National Key Population HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Round I, 2013 Report: EPHI. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia,: EPHI; 2014.
Arimide DA, Abebe A, Kebede Y, et al. HIV-genetic diversity and drug resistance transmission clusters in Gondar, Northern Ethiopia, 2003-2013. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0205446.
Tesfaye B, Ermias D, Moges S, et al. Effect of the test and treat strategy on mortality among HIV-positive adult clients on antiretroviral treatment in public hospitals of addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2021;13:349–360.
Gupta RK, Jordan MR, Sultan BJ, et al. Global trends in antiretroviral resistance in treatment-naive individuals with HIV after rollout of antiretroviral treatment in resource-limited settings: a global collaborative study and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2012;380:1250–1258.
Kityo C, Thompson J, Nankya I, et al. HIV drug resistance mutations in non-B subtypes after prolonged virological failure on NNRTI-based first-line regimens in sub-saharan Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75:e45–e54.
Van Blerk L. AIDS, mobility and commercial sex in Ethiopia: implications for policy. AIDS Care. 2007;19:79–86.
Hatcher AM, Smout EM, Turan JM, et al. Intimate partner violence and engagement in HIV care and treatment among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2015;29:2183–2194.
Amogne MD, Balcha TT, Agardh A. Prevalence and correlates of physical violence and rape among female sex workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with respondent-driven sampling from 11 major towns. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028247.
Decker MR, Wirtz AL, Pretorius C, et al. Estimating the impact of reducing violence against female sex workers on HIV epidemics in Kenya and Ukraine: a policy modeling exercise. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;69suppl 1:122–132.
WHO. World Health Organization Global Strategy for the Surveillance and Monitoring of HIV Drug Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO press; 2012.
Rosemary A, Chika O, Jonathan O, et al. Genotyping performance evaluation of commercially available HIV-1 drug resistance test. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0198246.
Woods CK, Brumme CJ, Liu TF, et al. Automating HIV drug resistance genotyping with RECall, a freely accessible sequence analysis tool. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:1936–1942.
Bennett DE, Myatt M, Bertagnolio S, et al. Recommendations for surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in countries scaling up antiretroviral treatment. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(suppl 2):25–36.
Liu TF, Shafer RW. Web resources for HIV type 1 genotypic-resistance test interpretation. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1608–1618.
Kassu A, Fujino M, Matsuda M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 in treatment-naive patients in north Ethiopia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23:564–568.
Mulu A, Lange T, Liebert UG, et al. Clade homogeneity and Pol gene polymorphisms in chronically HIV-1 infected antiretroviral treatment naive patients after the roll out of ART in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:158.
Huruy K, Maier M, Mulu A, et al. Limited increase in primary HIV-1C drug resistance mutations in treatment naive individuals in Ethiopia. J Med Virol. 2015;87:978–984.
Abdissa A, Yilma D, Fonager J, et al. Drug resistance in HIV patients with virological failure or slow virological response to antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:181.
Telele NF, Kalu AW, Gebre-Selassie S, et al. Pretreatment drug resistance in a large countrywide Ethiopian HIV-1C cohort: a comparison of Sanger and high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep. 2018;8:7556.
Namale G, Kamacooko O, Bagiire D, et al. Sustained virological response and drug resistance among female sex workers living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95:405–411.
Chen I, Connor MB, Clarke W, et al. Antiretroviral drug use and HIV drug resistance among HIV-infected black men who have sex with men: HIV prevention trials network 061. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69:446–452.
Coetzee J, Hunt G, Jaffer M, et al. HIV-1 viraemia and drug resistance amongst female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: a cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0188606.
da Costa LM, Frade PCR, Blandtt LDS, et al. HIV-1 genetic diversity and transmitted drug resistance mutations in female sex workers from a Brazilian municipality in the amazon region. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2020;36:99–100.
Diallo M, Behanzin L, Guedou FA, et al. HIV treatment response among female sex workers participating in a treatment as prevention demonstration project in Cotonou, Benin. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0227184.
Carobene M, Bolcic F, Farias MS, et al. HIV, HBV, and HCV molecular epidemiology among trans (transvestites, transsexuals, and transgender) sex workers in Argentina. J Med Virol. 2014;86:64–70.
Sampathkumar R, Shadabi E, La D, et al. Naturally occurring protease inhibitor resistance mutations and their frequencies in HIV proviral sequences of drug-naïve sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Retrovirology. 2014;11:P133.
Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, et al. The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:2174–2180.
WHO. Guidelines on the Public Health Response to Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance. Geneva, Switzerland. 2017. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255880/1/9789241550055-eng.pdf . Accessed October 16, 2020.
Chimukangara B, Lessells RJ, Rhee SY, et al. Trends in pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy-naive adults in South Africa, 2000-2016: a pooled sequence analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;9:26–34.
Rhee SY, Blanco JL, Jordan MR, et al. Geographic and temporal trends in the molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance: an individual-patient- and sequence-level meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001810.
Clutter DS, Jordan MR, Bertagnolio S, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance and resistance testing. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;46:292–307.
Castro H, Pillay D, Cane P, et al. Persistence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1459–1463.
Kuhnert D, Kouyos R, Shirreff G, et al. Quantifying the fitness cost of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations through phylodynamics. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14:e1006895.
Castro H, Pillay D, Cane P, et al. Persistence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1459–1463.
Wertheim JO, Oster AM, Johnson JA, et al. Transmission fitness of drug-resistant HIV revealed in a surveillance system transmission network. Virus Evol. 2017;3:vex008.
Lancaster KE, Cernigliaro D, Zulliger R, et al. HIV care and treatment experiences among female sex workers living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2016;15:377–386.
Mountain E, Mishra S, Vickerman P, et al. Antiretroviral therapy uptake, attrition, adherence and outcomes among HIV-infected female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105645.
Holland CE, Papworth E, Billong SC, et al. Antiretroviral treatment coverage for men who have sex with men and female sex workers living with HIV in Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(Suppl 2):S232–S240.
Cowan FM, Mtetwa S, Davey C, et al. Engagement with HIV prevention treatment and care among female sex workers in Zimbabwe: a respondent driven sampling survey. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77080.
Huerga H, Shiferie F, Grebe E, et al. A comparison of self-report and antiretroviral detection to inform estimates of antiretroviral therapy coverage, viral load suppression and HIV incidence in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:653.
Fogel JM, Wang L, Parsons TL, et al. Undisclosed antiretroviral drug use in a multinational clinical trial (HIV Prevention Trials Network 052). J Infect Dis. 2013;15:1624–1628.
Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S, Powis KM, et al. Undisclosed antiretroviral drug use in Botswana: implication for national estimates. AIDS. 2018;32:1543–1546.
Kim AA, Mukui I, Young PW, et al. Undisclosed HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy use in the Kenya AIDS indicator survey 2012: relevance to national targets for HIV diagnosis and treatment. AIDS. 2016;30:2685–2695.
PSI. Community HIV Care and Treatment for Female Sex Workers in Ethiopia: Successful Servic Provision through Drop- in Centers (THPEE774) , 2016. Available at: https://www.psi.org/publication/community-hiv-care-and-treatment-for-female-sex-workers-in-ethiopia-successful-service-provision-through-drop-in-centers-thpee774 . Accessed October 16, 2020.
Mountain E, Pickles M, Mishra S, et al. The HIV care cascade and antiretroviral therapy in female sex workers: implications for HIV prevention. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:1203–1219.
Cowan FM, Davey CB, Fearon E, et al. The HIV care cascade among female sex workers in Zimbabwe: results of a population-based survey from the sisters antiretroviral therapy programme for prevention of HIV, an integrated response (SAPPH-IRe) trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:375–382.
Lancaster KE, Powers KA, Lungu T, et al. The HIV care continuum among female sex workers: a key population in lilongwe, Malawi. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0147662.
Lindman J, Djalo MA, Biai A, et al. The HIV care continuum and HIV-1 drug resistance among female sex workers: a key population in Guinea-Bissau. AIDS Res Ther. 2020;17:33.
Delva W, Eaton JW, Meng F, et al. HIV treatment as prevention: optimising the impact of expanded HIV treatment programmes. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001258.
Alary M, Lowndes CM, Van de Perre P, et al. Scale-up of combination prevention and antiretroviral therapy for female sex workers in West Africa: time for action. AIDS. 2013;27:1369–1374.
Moses S, Ramesh BM, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. Impact of an intensive HIV prevention programme for female sex workers on HIV prevalence among antenatal clinic attenders in Karnataka state, south India: an ecological analysis. AIDS. 2008;22(suppl 5):S101–S108.
MOH E. National Guideline for Comprehensive HIV Prevention, Care, and Treatment; 2017. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/national-consolidated-guidelines-comprehensive-hiv-prevention-care-and-treatment . Accessed October 16, 2020.
Etta EM, Mavhandu L, Manhaeve C, et al. High level of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in patients with unsuppressed viral loads in rural northern South Africa. AIDS Res Ther. 2017;14:36.
Gupta RK, Hill A, Sawyer AW, et al. Virological monitoring and resistance to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV-1 treated under WHO guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:409–417.
Kwon EH, Musema GMA, Boelter J, et al. HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations among female sex workers varied in different cities and regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228670.
Barth RE, van der Loeff MF, Schuurman R, et al. Virological follow-up of adult patients in antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:155–166.
Feleke R, Geda B, Teji Roba K, et al. Magnitude of antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors among adult HIV-positive patients in Harar public hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2020;8:2050312120906076.
Gupta J, Raj A, Decker MR, et al. HIV vulnerabilities of sex-trafficked Indian women and girls. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;107:30–34.
Kahle EM, Kashuba A, Baeten JM, et al. Unreported antiretroviral use by HIV-1-infected participants enrolling in a prospective research study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;65:e90–4.
von Braun A, Sekaggya-Wiltshire C, Bachmann N, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance among Ugandan adults attending an urban out-patient clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78:566–573.