Mediators of the association between psychotic experiences and future non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts: results from a three-wave, prospective adolescent cohort study.
Adolescents
Delusions
Hallucinations
Mediators
NSSI
Non-suicidal self-injury
Self-harm
Self-injurious behavior
Suicide
Journal
European child & adolescent psychiatry
ISSN: 1435-165X
Titre abrégé: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9212296
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
received:
14
04
2020
accepted:
28
06
2020
pubmed:
28
7
2020
medline:
26
11
2021
entrez:
27
7
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Psychotic experiences (PEs) are robustly associated with subsequent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts, but questions remain as to the temporal relation and underlying cause of this association. Most investigations have incorporated only two waves of data, and no study has comprehensively investigated mediating pathways. This study aimed to investigate both the PE-NSSI and PE-suicide attempt association, and their relevant mediators, across three waves of prospective data. Participants were from an Australian prospective longitudinal cohort of 1100 adolescents (12-17 years); data were collected at three time points over 2 years. NSSI and suicide attempts were measured using the Self-Harm Behaviour Questionnaire. Items from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children were used to assess four PE subtypes (auditory hallucinatory experiences [HEs] and three delusional experiences). Potential mediators of interest included: psychological distress, self-reported mental disorders, self-esteem, recent traumatic life events (e.g. bullying, sexual assault), emotion regulation, and impulsivity/other personality traits. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics and substance use. Auditory HEs were indirectly associated with future NSSI and suicide attempts via recent traumatic life events, high psychological distress, and low self-esteem, across three waves of data. Other PE subtypes were generally not associated with incident NSSI/suicide attempts at 1- and 2-year follow-up, either directly or indirectly. These findings highlight the importance of screening for auditory HEs when assessing a young person's self-harm/suicide risk. Clinical assessment would be further enhanced by a comprehensive review of recent interpersonal traumatic events, as well as levels of self-esteem and distress.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32712716
doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01593-6
pii: 10.1007/s00787-020-01593-6
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1351-1365Subventions
Organisme : Australian Research Council, Discovery Grant
ID : 0985470
Organisme : National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellowship
ID : 1105807
Informations de copyright
© 2020. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Kelleher I, Connor D, Clarke M, Devlin N, Harley M, Cannon M (2012) Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and metaanalysis of population-based studies. Psychol Med 9:1–7
McGrath JJ, Saha S, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chiu WT, de Jonge P, Fayyad J, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Hu C, Kovess-Masfety V, Lepine JP, Lim CC, Mora ME, Navarro-Mateu F, Ochoa S, Sampson N, Scott K, Viana MC, Kessler RC (2015) Psychotic experiences in the general population: a cross-national analysis based on 31,261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry 72:697–705
pmcid: 5120396
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575
pubmed: 5120396
Hielscher E, Connell M, Lawrence D, Zubrick SR, Hafekost J, Scott JG (2018) Prevalence and correlates of psychotic experiences in a nationally representative sample of Australian adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 52:768–781
doi: 10.1177/0004867418785036
Hielscher E, Connell M, Lawrence D, Zubrick SR, Hafekost J, Scott JG (2019) Association between psychotic experiences and non-accidental self-injury: results from a nationally representative survey of adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54:321–330
doi: 10.1007/s00127-018-1629-4
pubmed: 30478528
pmcid: 30478528
McGrath JJ, Saha S, Al-Hamzawi A, Andrade L, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Browne MO, Caldas de Almeida JM, Chiu WT, Demyttenaere K, Fayyad J, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, Gureje O, Haro JM, Ten Have M, Hu C, Kovess-Masfety V, Lim CC, Navarro-Mateu F, Sampson N, Posada-Villa J, Kendler KS, Kessler RC (2016) The bidirectional associations between psychotic experiences and DSM-IV mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 173:997–1006
pmcid: 5175400
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101293
pubmed: 5175400
Martin G, Thomas H, Andrews T, Hasking P, Scott JG (2015) Psychotic experiences and psychological distress predict contemporaneous and future non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in a sample of Australian school-based adolescents. Psychol Med 45:429–437
doi: 10.1017/S0033291714001615
Rimvall MK, van Os J, Rask CU, Olsen EM, Skovgaard AM, Clemmensen L, Larsen JT, Verhulst F, Jeppesen P (2019) Psychotic experiences from preadolescence to adolescence: when should we be worried about adolescent risk behaviors? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01439-w
doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01439-w
pubmed: 31732797
pmcid: 31732797
Kelleher I, Corcoran P, Keeley H, Wigman JT, Devlin N, Ramsay H, Wasserman C, Carli V, Sarchiapone M, Hoven C, Wasserman D, Cannon M (2013) Psychotic symptoms and population risk for suicide attempt: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:940–948
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.140
Sullivan SA, Lewis G, Gunnell D, Cannon M, Mars B, Zammit S (2015) The longitudinal association between psychotic experiences, depression and suicidal behaviour in a population sample of adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50:1809–1817
pmcid: 4654742
doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1086-2
pubmed: 26162557
Yates K, Lang U, Cederlof M, Boland F, Taylor P, Cannon M, McNicholas F, DeVylder J, Kelleher I (2019) Association of psychotic experiences with subsequent risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide deaths: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal population studies. JAMA Psychiatry 76:180–189
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3514
Cederlöf M, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H, Sjölander A, Östberg P, Lundström S, Kelleher I, Lichtenstein P (2017) Longitudinal study of adolescent psychotic experiences and later development of substance use disorder and suicidal behavior. Schizophr Res 181:13–16
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.029
Nishida A, Sasaki T, Nishimura Y, Tanii H, Hara N, Inoue K, Yamada T, Takami T, Shimodera S, Itokawa M, Asukai N, Okazaki Y (2010) Psychotic-like experiences are associated with suicidal feelings and deliberate self-harm behaviors in adolescents aged 12–15 years. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121:301–307
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01439.x
DeVylder JE, Hilimire MR (2015) Suicide risk, stress sensitivity, and self-esteem among young adults reporting auditory hallucinations. Health Soc Work 40:175–181
doi: 10.1093/hsw/hlv037
Kelleher I, Lynch F, Harley M, Molloy C, Roddy S, Fitzpatrick C, Cannon M (2012) Psychotic symptoms in adolescence index risk for suicidal behavior: findings from 2 population-based case-control clinical interview studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69:1277–1283
doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.164
pubmed: 23108974
pmcid: 23108974
Nishida A, Shimodera S, Sasaki T, Richards M, Hatch SL, Yamasaki S, Usami S, Ando S, Asukai N, Okazaki Y (2014) Risk for suicidal problems in poor-help-seeking adolescents with psychotic-like experiences: findings from a cross-sectional survey of 16,131 adolescents. Schizophr Res 159:257–262
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.030
pubmed: 25315221
pmcid: 25315221
Capra C, Kavanagh DJ, Hides L, Scott JG (2015) Subtypes of psychotic-like experiences are differentially associated with suicidal ideation, plans and attempts in young adults. Psychiatry Res 228:894–898
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.002
pubmed: 26050011
pmcid: 26050011
Ployhart RE, MacKenzie WI (2015) Two waves of measurement do not a longitudinal study make. In: Vandenberg CELRJ (ed) More statistical and methodological myths and urban legends. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp 85–99
Hielscher E, DeVylder JE, Saha S, Connell M, Scott JG (2018) Why are psychotic experiences associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours? A systematic review and critical appraisal of potential confounding and mediating factors. Psychol Med 48:1410–1426
doi: 10.1017/S0033291717002677
pubmed: 28929996
pmcid: 28929996
Honings S, Drukker M, Groen R, van Os J (2016) Psychotic experiences and risk of self-injurious behaviour in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 46:237–251
doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001841
pubmed: 26419206
pmcid: 26419206
Maxwell SE, Cole DA (2007) Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods 12:23–44
pmcid: 17402810
doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23
pubmed: 17402810
Liu J, Ulrich C (2016) Mediation analysis in nursing research: a methodological review. Contemp Nurse 52:643–656
doi: 10.1080/10376178.2015.1041999
Fairchild AJ, McDaniel HL (2017) Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: mediation analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 105:1259–1271
pmcid: 5445681
pubmed: 5445681
Kelleher I, Keeley H, Corcoran P, Ramsay H, Wasserman C, Carli V, Sarchiapone M, Hoven C, Wasserman D, Cannon M (2013) Childhood trauma and psychosis in a prospective cohort study: cause, effect, and directionality. Am J Psychiatry 170:734–741
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091169
DeVylder JE, Jahn DR, Doherty T, Wilson CS, Wilcox HC, Schiffman J, Hilimire MR (2015) Social and psychological contributions to the co-occurrence of sub-threshold psychotic experiences and suicidal behavior. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50:1819–1830
doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1139-6
DeVylder J, Waldman K, Hielscher E, Scott J, Oh H (2020) Psychotic experiences and suicidal behavior: testing the influence of psycho-socioenvironmental factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01841-9
doi: 10.1007/s00127-020-01841-9
Gaweda L, Pionke R, Krezolek M, Frydecka D, Nelson B, Cechnicki A (2020) The interplay between childhood trauma, cognitive biases, psychotic-like experiences and depression and their additive impact on predicting lifetime suicidal behavior in young adults. Psychol Med 50:116–124
doi: 10.1017/S0033291718004026
Klonsky ED (2007) The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev 27:226–239
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
Andover MS, Morris BW (2014) Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Can J Psychiatry 59:569–575
pmcid: 4244875
doi: 10.1177/070674371405901102
pubmed: 4244875
Nishida A, Tanii H, Nishimura Y, Kajiki N, Inoue K, Okada M, Sasaki T, Okazaki Y (2008) Associations between psychotic-like experiences and mental health status and other psychopathologies among Japanese early teens. Schizophr Res 99:125–133
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.038
Lockwood J, Daley D, Townsend E, Sayal K (2017) Impulsivity and self-harm in adolescence: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:387–402
doi: 10.1007/s00787-016-0915-5
pubmed: 27815757
pmcid: 27815757
Gvion Y, Apter A (2011) Agression, impulsivity and suicide behavior: a review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 15:93–112
doi: 10.1080/13811118.2011.565265
pubmed: 21541857
pmcid: 21541857
Koyanagi A, Stickley A, Haro JM (2015) Psychotic-like experiences and nonsuicidal self-injury in england: results from a national survey. PLoS ONE 10:e0145533
pmcid: 4689421
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145533
pubmed: 4689421
Kelleher I, Ramsay H, DeVylder J (2017) Psychotic experiences and suicide attempt risk in common mental disorders and borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 135:212–218
doi: 10.1111/acps.12693
Hielscher E, DeVylder J, Connell M, Hasking P, Martin G, Scott JG (2020) Investigating the role of hallucinatory experiences in the transition from suicidal thoughts to attempts. Acta Psychiatr Scand 141:241–253
doi: 10.1111/acps.13128
Armando M, Nelson B, Yung AR, Ross M, Birchwood M, Girardi P, Fiori Nastro P (2010) Psychotic-like experiences and correlation with distress and depressive symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Schizophr Res 119:258–265
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.001
Yung AR, Buckby JA, Cotton SM, Cosgrave EM, Killackey EJ, Stanford C, Godfrey K, McGorry PD (2006) Psychotic-like experiences in non psychotic help-seekers: associations with distress, depression, and disability. Schizophr Bull 32:352–359
doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbj018
Yung AR, Buckby JA, Cosgrave EM, Killackey EJ, Baker K, Cotton SM, McGorry PD (2007) Association between psychotic experiences and depression in a clinical sample over 6 months. Schizophr Res 91:246–253
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.026
Shaffer D, Schwab-Stone M, Fisher P, Cohen P, Piacentini J, Davies M, Conners CK, Regier D (1993) The diagnostic interview schedule for children-revised version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:643–650
doi: 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00023
Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H (2000) Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1053–1058
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1053
Kelleher I, Harley M, Murtagh A, Cannon M (2011) Are screening instruments valid for psychotic-like experiences? A validation study of screening questions for psychotic-like experiences using in-depth clinical interview. Schizophr Bull 37:362–369
doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp057
pubmed: 19542527
pmcid: 19542527
Gutierrez PM, Osman A, Barrios FX, Kopper BA (2001) Development and initial validation of the Self-harm Behavior Questionnaire. J Pers Assess 77:475–490
doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA7703_08
pubmed: 11781034
pmcid: 11781034
Goldberg DP, Oldehinkel T, Ormel J (1998) Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. Psychol Med 28:915–921
doi: 10.1017/S0033291798006874
pubmed: 9723146
pmcid: 9723146
Siddique CM, D'Arcy C (1984) Adolescence, stress, and psychological well-being. J Youth Adolesc 13:459–473
doi: 10.1007/BF02088593
pubmed: 24306949
pmcid: 24306949
Tait RJ, French DJ, Hulse GK (2003) Validity and psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in young Australian adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 37:374–381
doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01133.x
pubmed: 12780478
pmcid: 12780478
Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press, Princeton
doi: 10.1515/9781400876136
Blascovich J, Tomaka J (1993) Measures of self esteem. In: Robinson JP (ed) Measures of Personality and social psychological attitudes, 3rd edn. Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, pp 115–160
Tatnell R, Kelada L, Hasking P, Martin G (2014) Longitudinal analysis of adolescent NSSI: the role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. J Abnorm Child Psychol 42:885–896
doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9837-6
pubmed: 24343795
pmcid: 24343795
Honings S, Drukker M, Ten Have M, de Graaf R, van Dorsselaer S, van Os J (2017) The interplay of psychosis and victimisation across the life course: a prospective study in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 52:1363–1374
pmcid: 5663809
doi: 10.1007/s00127-017-1430-9
pubmed: 28861657
Bhavsar V, Dean K, Hatch SL, MacCabe JH, Hotopf M (2019) Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimisation: a population-based study from Southeast London. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 28:168–178
doi: 10.1017/S2045796018000537
pubmed: 30196801
pmcid: 30196801
Hawton K, Rodham K (2006) By their own young hand-deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideas in adolescents. Jessica-Kingsley, London
Hawton K, Saunders KE, O’Connor RC (2012) Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 379:2373–2382
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
pubmed: 22726518
pmcid: 22726518
Gross JJ, John OP (2003) Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 85:348–362
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Butler EA, Egloff B, Wilhelm FH, Smith NC, Erickson EA, Gross, JJ (2003) The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion 3:48–67. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48
doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48
Dawkins JC, Hasking PA, Boyes ME, Greene D, Passchier C (2019) Applying a cognitive-emotional model to nonsuicidal self-injury. Stress Health 35:39–48
doi: 10.1002/smi.2837
Gray JA (1981) A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) A model for personality. Springer, Berlin, pp 246–276
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-67783-0_8
Ammerman BA, Kleiman EM, Jenkins AL, Berman ME, McCloskey MS (2017) Using propensity scores to examine the association between behavioral inhibition/activation and nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury. Crisis 38:227–236
doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000436
Cerutti R, Presaghi F, Manca M, Gratz KL (2012) Deliberate self-harm behavior among Italian young adults: correlations with clinical and nonclinical dimensions of personality. Am J Orthopsychiatry 82:298–308
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01169.x
Carver CS, White TL (1994) Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS Scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 67:319–333
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
Tanner A, Hasking P, Martin G (2016) Co-occurring non-suicidal self-injury and firesetting among at-risk adolescents: experiences of negative life events, mental health problems, substance use, and suicidality. Arch Suicide Res 20:233–249
doi: 10.1080/13811118.2015.1008162
pubmed: 26214360
pmcid: 26214360
Mertler CA, Vannatta RA (2013) Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: practical application and interpretation, 5th edn. Pyrczak, Glendale
MacKinnon DP (2008) Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Erlbaum, Mahwah
Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF (2007) Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behav Res 42:185–227
doi: 10.1080/00273170701341316
Cole DA, Maxwell SE (2003) Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. J Abnorm Psychol 112:558–577
doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
Mackinnon DP, Fairchild AJ (2009) Current directions in mediation analysis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 18:16
pmcid: 2821103
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01598.x
pubmed: 2821103
DeVylder JE, Kelleher I (2016) Clinical significance of psychotic experiences in the context of sleep disturbance or substance use. Psychol Med 46:1761–1767
doi: 10.1017/S0033291716000271
Thompson E, Spirito A, Frazier E, Thompson A, Hunt J, Wolff J (2020) Suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) and psychosis-risk symptoms among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Schizophr Res 218:240–246
pmcid: 7299764
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.037
pubmed: 7299764
Fialko L, Freeman D, Bebbington PE, Kuipers E, Garety PA, Dunn G, Fowler D (2006) Understanding suicidal ideation in psychosis: findings from the psychological prevention of relapse in psychosis (PRP) trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:177–186
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00849.x
Grano N, Salmijarvi L, Karjalainen M, Kallionpaa S, Roine M, Taylor P (2015) Early signs of worry: psychosis risk symptom visual distortions are independently associated with suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Res 225:263–267
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.031
Forman EM, Berk MS, Henriques GR, Brown GK, Beck AT (2004) History of multiple suicide attempts as a behavioral marker of severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 161:437–443
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.437
Eftekhari A, Zoellner LA, Vigil SA (2009) Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Anxiety Stress Coping 22:571–586
pmcid: 3234115
doi: 10.1080/10615800802179860
pubmed: 3234115
Daniel SS, Goldston DB, Erkanli A, Franklin JC, Mayfield AM (2009) Trait anger, anger expression, and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: a prospective study. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38:661–671
pmcid: 2854503
doi: 10.1080/15374410903103494
pubmed: 2854503
DeVylder JE (2018) Letter to the editor: cumulative trauma as a potential explanation for the elevated risk of suicide associated with psychotic experiences: commentary on Moriyama et al. ‘The association between psychotic experiences and traumatic life events’. Psychol Med 48:1915–1916
doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000764
Narita Z, Wilcox HC, DeVylder J (2020) Psychotic experiences and suicidal outcomes in a general population sample. Schizophr Res 215:223–228
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.024
Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N (2017) Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res 21:83–99
doi: 10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
pubmed: 25764051
pmcid: 25764051
Madge N, Hawton K, McMahon EM, Corcoran P, De Leo D, de Wilde EJ, Fekete S, van Heeringen K, Ystgaard M, Arensman E (2011) Psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: findings from the child and adolescent self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:499–508
doi: 10.1007/s00787-011-0210-4
pubmed: 21847620
pmcid: 21847620
Kaess M, Eppelmann L, Brunner R, Parzer P, Resch F, Carli V, Wasserman C, Sarchiapone M, Hoven CW, Apter A, Balazs J, Barzilay S, Bobes J, Cosman D, Horvath LO, Kahn JP, Keeley H, McMahon E, Podlogar T, Postuvan V, Saiz PA, Tubiana A, Varnik A, Wasserman D (2020) Life events predicting the first onset of adolescent direct self-injurious behavior-a prospective multicenter study. J Adolesc Health 66:195–201
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.018
pubmed: 31677986
pmcid: 31677986
Brett C, Heriot-Maitland C, McGuire P, Peters E (2014) Predictors of distress associated with psychotic-like anomalous experiences in clinical and non-clinical populations. Br J Clin Psychol 53:213–227
doi: 10.1111/bjc.12036
Freeman D (2007) Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clin Psychol Rev 27:425–457
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004
Mars B, Heron J, Klonsky ED, Moran P, O'Connor RC, Tilling K, Wilkinson P, Gunnell D (2019) Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 6:327–337
pmcid: 6494973
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30030-6
pubmed: 6494973
Grandclerc S, De Labrouhe D, Spodenkiewicz M, Lachal J, Moro MR (2016) Relations between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior in adolescence: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 11:e0153760
pmcid: 4835048
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153760
pubmed: 27089157
Daalman K, Diederen KM, Derks EM, van Lutterveld R, Kahn RS, Sommer IE (2012) Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations. Psychol Med 42:2475–2484
doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000761
pubmed: 22716897
pmcid: 22716897
You Z, Chen M, Yang S, Zhou Z, Qin P (2014) Childhood adversity, recent life stressors and suicidal behavior in Chinese college students. PLoS ONE 9:e86672
pmcid: 3969373
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086672
pubmed: 24681891
Sieradzka D, Power RA, Freeman D, Cardno AG, Dudbridge F, Ronald A (2015) Heritability of individual psychotic experiences captured by common genetic variants in a community sample of adolescents. Behav Genet 45:493–502
pmcid: 4561057
doi: 10.1007/s10519-015-9727-5
pubmed: 26049723
Zavos HM, Freeman D, Haworth CM, McGuire P, Plomin R, Cardno AG, Ronald A (2014) Consistent etiology of severe, frequent psychotic experiences and milder, less frequent manifestations: a twin study of specific psychotic experiences in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1049–1057
pmcid: 4156464
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.994
pubmed: 25075799
Hernandez DC, Johnston CA (2016) Unidirectional or bidirectional relationships of behaviors: the importance of positive behavioral momentum. Am J Lifestyle Med 10:381–384
pmcid: 6124984
doi: 10.1177/1559827616661971
pubmed: 30202297
Mu W, Luo J, Rieger S, Trautwein U, Roberts B (2019) The relationship between self-esteem and depression when controlling for neuroticism. Collabra Psychol 5:1–13
doi: 10.1525/collabra.204
Berry D, Willoughby MT (2017) On the practical interpretability of cross-lagged panel models: rethinking a developmental workhorse. Child Dev 88:1186–1206
doi: 10.1111/cdev.12660
pubmed: 27878996
pmcid: 27878996
Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RP (2015) A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Methods 20:102–116
doi: 10.1037/a0038889
pubmed: 25822208
pmcid: 25822208
Connell M, Betts K, McGrath JJ, Alati R, Najman J, Clavarino A, Mamun A, Williams G, Scott JG (2016) Hallucinations in adolescents and risk for mental disorders and suicidal behaviour in adulthood: prospective evidence from the MUSP birth cohort study. Schizophr Res 176:546–551
doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.009
pubmed: 27374323
pmcid: 27374323