Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences.
ethnicity
race
socioeconomic status
stress
stressful life events
trauma
Journal
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2227-9067
Titre abrégé: Children (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101648936
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Jun 2020
03 Jun 2020
Historique:
received:
21
04
2020
revised:
08
05
2020
accepted:
01
06
2020
entrez:
7
6
2020
pubmed:
7
6
2020
medline:
7
6
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8-11 years old. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8-11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma.
AIM
OBJECTIVE
To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8-11 years old.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8-11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32503310
pii: children7060057
doi: 10.3390/children7060057
pmc: PMC7346200
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Subventions
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U24 DA041147
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA051039
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041093
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U24 DA041123
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041025
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041089
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041106
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041048
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041148
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : U01 DA041174
Pays : United States
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