Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons.


Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 Feb 2019
Historique:
revised: 04 12 2018
received: 21 10 2018
entrez: 16 2 2019
pubmed: 16 2 2019
medline: 16 2 2019
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Precision measurements of cosmic ray positrons are presented up to 1 TeV based on 1.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are (a) a significant excess starting from 25.2±1.8  GeV compared to the lower-energy, power-law trend, (b) a sharp dropoff above 284_{-64}^{+91}  GeV, (c) in the entire energy range the positron flux is well described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term of positrons, which dominates at high energies, and (d) a finite energy cutoff of the source term of E_{s}=810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV is established with a significance of more than 4σ. These experimental data on cosmic ray positrons show that, at high energies, they predominantly originate either from dark matter annihilation or from other astrophysical sources.

Identifiants

pubmed: 30768313
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.041102
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

041102

Auteurs

M Aguilar (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Ali Cavasonza (L)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Ambrosi (G)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

L Arruda (L)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

N Attig (N)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

P Azzarello (P)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Bachlechner (A)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Barao (F)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

A Barrau (A)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

L Barrin (L)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

A Bartoloni (A)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

L Basara (L)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

S Başeğmez-du Pree (S)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, the Netherlands.

R Battiston (R)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

U Becker (U)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Behlmann (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

B Beischer (B)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Berdugo (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

B Bertucci (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

V Bindi (V)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

W de Boer (W)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K Bollweg (K)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

B Borgia (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

M J Boschini (MJ)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M Bourquin (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

E F Bueno (EF)

Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

J Burger (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

W J Burger (WJ)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

X D Cai (XD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Capell (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Caroff (S)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

J Casaus (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

G Castellini (G)

CNR-IROE, I-50125 Firenze, Italy.

F Cervelli (F)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

Y H Chang (YH)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

G M Chen (GM)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

H S Chen (HS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Y Chen (Y)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

L Cheng (L)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

H Y Chou (HY)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

V Choutko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C H Chung (CH)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Clark (C)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Coignet (G)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

C Consolandi (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Contin (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

C Corti (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

M Crispoltoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Z Cui (Z)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

K Dadzie (K)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y M Dai (YM)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

A Datta (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C Delgado (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

S Della Torre (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M B Demirköz (MB)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

L Derome (L)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

S Di Falco (S)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

F Dimiccoli (F)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

C Díaz (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

P von Doetinchem (P)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Dong (F)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

F Donnini (F)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

M Duranti (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

A Egorov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Eline (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

T Eronen (T)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

J Feng (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

E Fiandrini (E)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

P Fisher (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Formato (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Y Galaktionov (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

R J García-López (RJ)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

C Gargiulo (C)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

H Gast (H)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

I Gebauer (I)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Gervasi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

F Giovacchini (F)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

D M Gómez-Coral (DM)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

J Gong (J)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

C Goy (C)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

V Grabski (V)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

D Grandi (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

M Graziani (M)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K H Guo (KH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

S Haino (S)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

K C Han (KC)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

Z H He (ZH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

M Heil (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

T H Hsieh (TH)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Huang (H)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

Z C Huang (ZC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

M Incagli (M)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy.

Yi Jia (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Jinchi (H)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

K Kanishev (K)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

B Khiali (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Th Kirn (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Konak (C)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

O Kounina (O)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kounine (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Koutsenko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kulemzin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

G La Vacca (G)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

E Laudi (E)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

G Laurenti (G)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

I Lazzizzera (I)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Lebedev (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H T Lee (HT)

Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

S C Lee (SC)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

C Leluc (C)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

J Q Li (JQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Q Li (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

T X Li (TX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

Z H Li (ZH)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

C Light (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C H Lin (CH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

T Lippert (T)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

F Z Liu (FZ)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Hu Liu (H)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

Z Liu (Z)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Q Lu (SQ)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

Y S Lu (YS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

K Luebelsmeyer (K)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Luo (F)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

J Z Luo (JZ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Xi Luo (X)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

S S Lyu (SS)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

F Machate (F)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Mañá (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marín (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

T Martin (T)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Martínez (G)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

N Masi (N)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

D Maurin (D)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

A Menchaca-Rocha (A)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico.

Q Meng (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

D C Mo (DC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

M Molero (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

P Mott (P)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

L Mussolin (L)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

T Nelson (T)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

J Q Ni (JQ)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

N Nikonov (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Nozzoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Oliva (A)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

M Orcinha (M)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal.

M Palermo (M)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Palmonari (F)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Paniccia (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Pashnin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pauluzzi (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Pensotti (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

C Perrina (C)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

H D Phan (HD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Picot-Clemente (N)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

V Plyaskin (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pohl (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

V Poireau (V)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

A Popkow (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

L Quadrani (L)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

X M Qi (XM)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

X Qin (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Y Qu (ZY)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

P G Rancoita (PG)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

D Rapin (D)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Reina Conde (AR)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

S Rosier-Lees (S)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

A Rozhkov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Rozza (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

R Sagdeev (R)

East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

C Solano (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Schael (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S M Schmidt (SM)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

A Schulz von Dratzig (A)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Schwering (G)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

E S Seo (ES)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

B S Shan (BS)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

J Y Shi (JY)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

T Siedenburg (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

J W Song (JW)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z T Sun (ZT)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

M Tacconi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

X W Tang (XW)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Z C Tang (ZC)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J Tian (J)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Samuel C C Ting (SCC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

S M Ting (SM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Tomassetti (N)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Torsti (J)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

T Urban (T)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

V Vagelli (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

E Valente (E)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

E Valtonen (E)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.

M Vázquez Acosta (M)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

M Vecchi (M)

KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, the Netherlands.
Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

M Velasco (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

J P Vialle (JP)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France.

J Vizán (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Q Wang (LQ)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

N H Wang (NH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q L Wang (QL)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

X Wang (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

X Q Wang (XQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z X Wang (ZX)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

J Wei (J)

DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

Z L Weng (ZL)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Wu (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

R Q Xiong (RQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

W Xu (W)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Q Yan (Q)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y Yang (Y)

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.

H Yi (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Y J Yu (YJ)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Z Q Yu (ZQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

M Zannoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy.

S Zeissler (S)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

C Zhang (C)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

F Zhang (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J H Zhang (JH)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Z Zhang (Z)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

F Zhao (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Z M Zheng (ZM)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

H L Zhuang (HL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

V Zhukov (V)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Zichichi (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.

N Zimmermann (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

P Zuccon (P)

INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

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