Family Income at Birth and Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Age 15: Racial Differences.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Blacks
class
ethnicity
income
poverty status
race
socioeconomic position
socioeconomic status
Journal
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2227-9067
Titre abrégé: Children (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101648936
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
14 Jan 2019
14 Jan 2019
Historique:
received:
23
10
2018
revised:
21
11
2018
accepted:
03
12
2018
entrez:
17
1
2019
pubmed:
17
1
2019
medline:
17
1
2019
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Socioeconomic status (SES) resources protect children and adults against the risk of medical and psychiatric conditions. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, such protective effects are systemically weaker for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites. Using a national data set with 15 years of follow up, we compared Black and White youth for the effects of family SES at birth on the risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at age 15. Methods In the overall sample, high family income at birth was not associated with the risk of ADHD at age 15, independent of all covariates. Despite this relationship, we found a significant interaction between race and family income at birth on subsequent risk of ADHD, indicating a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In stratified models, we found a marginally significant protective effect of family SES against the risk of ADHD for White youths. For African American youth, on the other hand, family SES was shown to have a marginally significant risk for ADHD. The health gain that follows family income is smaller for Black than White families, which is in line with the Minorities' Diminished Returns. The solution to health disparities is not simply policies that aim to reduce the racial gap in SES, because various racial health disparities in the United States are not due to differential access to resources but rather the impact of these resources on health outcomes. Public policies, therefore, should go beyond equalizing access to resources and also address the structural racism and discrimination that impact Blacks' lives. Policies should fight racism and should help Black families to overcome barriers in their lives so they can gain health from their SES and social mobility. As racism is multi-level, multi-level interventions are needed to tackle diminished returns of SES.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Socioeconomic status (SES) resources protect children and adults against the risk of medical and psychiatric conditions. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, such protective effects are systemically weaker for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites.
AIMS
OBJECTIVE
Using a national data set with 15 years of follow up, we compared Black and White youth for the effects of family SES at birth on the risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at age 15. Methods
RESULTS
RESULTS
In the overall sample, high family income at birth was not associated with the risk of ADHD at age 15, independent of all covariates. Despite this relationship, we found a significant interaction between race and family income at birth on subsequent risk of ADHD, indicating a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In stratified models, we found a marginally significant protective effect of family SES against the risk of ADHD for White youths. For African American youth, on the other hand, family SES was shown to have a marginally significant risk for ADHD.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The health gain that follows family income is smaller for Black than White families, which is in line with the Minorities' Diminished Returns. The solution to health disparities is not simply policies that aim to reduce the racial gap in SES, because various racial health disparities in the United States are not due to differential access to resources but rather the impact of these resources on health outcomes. Public policies, therefore, should go beyond equalizing access to resources and also address the structural racism and discrimination that impact Blacks' lives. Policies should fight racism and should help Black families to overcome barriers in their lives so they can gain health from their SES and social mobility. As racism is multi-level, multi-level interventions are needed to tackle diminished returns of SES.
Identifiants
pubmed: 30646634
pii: children6010010
doi: 10.3390/children6010010
pmc: PMC6352113
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Subventions
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : R01 HD036916
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : R01 HD039135
Pays : United States
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : R01 HD040421
Pays : United States
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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